6th Year Pediatrics Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Klinefelter's syndrome is characterized by?
• Which pigment is observed in hemolytic jaundice?
• A 4-month-old with acute onset of consciousness decline and right-sided seizures after head trauma shows ptosis of the left eyelid and a dilated left pupil with retinal hemorrhages. What is the most probable site of brain injury?
• Minimal change nephrotic syndrome most commonly presents in which age group?
• What is the typical age of onset for minimal change nephrotic syndrome?
• Which of the following is the most severe consequence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?
• A child with an abdominal tumor presenting with hypertension is most likely to have which diagnosis?
• Which nerve roots are most commonly affected in neonatal brachial plexus palsy?
• A 4-year-old presents with red urine and fatigue after a recent diarrheal illness; shows anemia and thrombocytopenia; most likely diagnosis?
• Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of systemic juvenile arthritis?
• The most common cause of urinary tract infections in childhood is:
• The double bubble sign on neonatal imaging indicates obstruction at which location?
• In a patient with a malar rash, cytopenias, and proteinuria, which antibody test is most specific for systemic lupus erythematosus?
• Which is an absolute contraindication for breastfeeding?
• A 13-year-old girl with goitre has TSH 4.2 mIU/L, free T4 12 pmol/L, anti-TPO antibodies 584 IU/mL, and TSH receptor antibodies 0.4 IU/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• In cystic fibrosis, which hepatic complication is commonly seen in childhood?
• Which of the following are possible complications of juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
• A 5-year-old girl with two weeks of fever, lethargy, wrist and knee pain, trunk rash, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, neutrophilia and elevated ESR with negative ANA and anti-dsDNA most likely has which diagnosis?
• Which of the following is a typical presentation of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children?
• An 18-day-old formula-fed infant presents with projectile vomiting and dehydration; labs show hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis. Which diagnosis fits best?
• Premature Thelarche is:
• Which of the following diseases is characterized by short stature and absent puberty?
• An 8-year-old child presents with vomiting, profuse diarrhea, and abdominal pain 1 hour after consuming wild mushrooms. Which statement is most appropriate?
• At around what age do most children begin to say their first meaningful word besides 'mama' and 'dada'?
• In latent iron deficiency there is:
• In cystic fibrosis, stool trypsin is decreased due to pancreatic duct blockage. Which statement describes this test?
• What is the typical growth velocity between 1 and 2 years of age?
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is which of the following?
• Which of the following is NOT a communication that provides fetal circulation?
• Which statement best describes pneumocystis pneumonia in children?
• Which antidote is indicated in paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning?
• In a 18-month-old with spastic quadriparesis and no perinatal risk factors, which examination is essential to include in the differential diagnostic plan?
• A child with chronic respiratory symptoms and poor growth is most likely to have which condition?
• A 2-year-old boy who is potty training shows two-word sentences and plays with toys. What is true about his development?
• Which serum laboratory test is most sensitive and most specific for pancreatitis?
• The neonatal period is exactly:
• Which of the following statements best describes what most often kills children aged 1 to 14 years?
• What is characteristic of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in terms of clotting tests?
• Fluctuating during the day muscle weakness and bulbar manifestations are typical for:
• A 6-year-old boy with purulent tonsillitis 10 days ago now presents with macroscopic hematuria and periorbital edema. What is the most appropriate initial management?
• A 4-month-old with cyanosis and a systolic murmur at the left sternal border; episodes of irritability with blue lips when crying; which congenital heart defect best explains this presentation?
• A 3-year-old child with a palpable abdominal mass and CT showing a polar renal tumor with calcifications extending beyond the renal capsule to the adrenal gland. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which finding makes the diagnosis of asthma unlikely?
• Pancreatic insufficiency may lead to malabsorption of:
• Honeymoon period in diabetes mellitus type 1 is?
• A 14-year-old girl has high fever, sore throat, and enlarged submandibular lymph nodes for 3 days. Purulent tonsillitis leads to Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid therapy. The next day fever persists and a maculopapular rash develops along with hepatosplenomegaly, mild edema of the eyelids, and rash. Labs show Hgb 125 g/L, WBC 15×10^9/L with 70% lymphocytosis (about a third monocyte-like), neutrophils 15%, platelets 180×10^9/L, ESR 25 mm/h, AST 150 U/L, ALT 200 U/L, LDH 600 U/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• An 8-year-old boy falls from a fence 2 meters high and is unconscious for 2 minutes, later becomes bradypsychic, with blood leaking from the right ear. What is the initial management?
• A 10-year-old with pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and leukocytosis with atypical lymphocytes; which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which pediatric renal tumor is most likely to cross the midline on imaging?
• The most common cause of death in the neonatal period in the developed world is:
• In a 2-year-old admitted with pneumonia and signs suggesting cystic fibrosis, which test is most useful to establish the diagnosis?
• In suspected absence seizures in a child, which test is specifically used to provoke episodes and support the diagnosis?
• The most common type of arrhythmia in children is
• By what language milestone should a typically developing 2-year-old usually express speech?
• An 8-day-old neonate with weak sucking and sleepiness; tachypnea; diffuse small rales; tachycardia; hepatomegaly; elevated WBC and CRP. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• A 3-month-old infant with poor sucking, low tone, hypotension, tachycardia, hepatomegaly, and a heart murmur. In a child with Down syndrome, which congenital heart defect is most commonly associated?
• Which finding most strongly suggests impending pericardial tamponade in a patient with acute pericarditis?
• A 16-year-old girl with short stature, amenorrhea, and infertility; mild intrauterine retardation noted at birth; most likely diagnosis?
• An 18-month-old child presents with significant pallor. Laboratory results show Hgb 87 g/L, RBC 3.5×10^12/L, MCV 100 fL, MCH 34 pg, WBC 4.8×10^9/L, platelets 162×10^9/L, and LDH 584 U/L. The child had cow’s milk allergy diagnosed at 6 months and has been fed mainly goat’s milk for the past year. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• A young child with fever and dysuria is being evaluated for a urinary tract infection. Which imaging study would be most useful to assess the urinary tract as part of the evaluation?
• A 5-month-old infant has a dry cough at night, regurgitation, and occasional vomiting after feeds; growth and development are normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which statement best describes the honeymoon period after type 1 diabetes diagnosis?
• Which chest X-ray finding is typical in cystic fibrosis?
• A 5-year-old child presents after blunt abdominal trauma with pallor, hypotension, and abdominal tenderness. The most probable cause is?
• Which disease is a coagulation disorder?
• Which electrolyte disturbance is classically associated with congenital pyloric stenosis?
• A 2-month-old boy with reduced fetal movement and severe hypotonia with proximal weakness and tongue fasciculations; the most likely diagnosis is:
• Which symptom is most characteristic of cystic fibrosis in a child presenting with recurrent chest infections and malabsorption?
• A 3-year-old with frequent respiratory infections and unstable gait accompanied by dilated conjunctival vessels; the most likely diagnosis is:
• Which of the following congenital heart defects does NOT involve a left-to-right shunt?
• For the 8-month-old with potential nutritional issues, which investigation is considered mandatory?
• A 9-year-old boy with chronic cough and elevated ESR has a chest X-ray showing localized opacity in the right lung and a history of exposure. Which tests would you most likely order first to evaluate for tuberculosis?
• Which feature is characteristic of central muscular hypotonia?
• A complex of VSD with overriding aorta, subpulmonary stenosis causing RV outflow obstruction, and right ventricular hypertrophy are signs of which condition?
• Which organism is the most common cause of urinary tract infection in children?
• Which diagnosis best explains fever, a new heart murmur, and signs of systemic infection in a child with congenital heart disease?
• A 2-year-old living on a maize-growing farm in Africa presents with growth concerns and poor nutrition. Which statement is true about his nutritional status?
• A 12-year-old boy develops rapid itching rash, lip swelling, and hoarseness half an hour after taking cephalexin prescribed for bronchitis. What is the most likely explanation for his presentation requiring admission to the emergency department?
• Maintenance treatment of bronchial asthma includes:
• Which combination of findings defines hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
• Neonatal screening includes testing for which of the following conditions?
• A 3-year-old girl has two months of watery stools. She drinks a lot of fruit juice; examination is otherwise normal. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• Which diagnostic test is most appropriate to confirm active tuberculosis in a child with persistent cough and a suspicious chest X-ray?
• A 3-month-old girl was brought to a clinic with diminished active movements, head lag in traction, diminished tendon reflexes, weak pharyngeal reflex and mild tongue movements; Creatine kinase 800 IU/L. Which is the most probable diagnosis?
• If a newborn has a heart rate of 85 beats per minute during sleep, this is:
• NOT true for chronic nonspecific diarrhea?
• A child presents with migratory arthritis and carditis two weeks after streptococcal pharyngitis; diagnosis?
• In congenital adrenal hyperplasia there is:
• In the 18-month-old case, which red blood cell index is typically increased in folate deficiency anemia?
• Which fetal shunt bypasses the liver in fetal circulation?
• In a child with constipation, abdominal distension, and developmental delay, which screening test would help evaluate a common endocrine cause?
• Which laboratory finding is most specific for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is most accurately described by which statement?
• Diarrhoea, large abdomen, and malnutrition are characteristic of which condition?
• Which statement is true for oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
• Which newborns are at risk of necrotizing enterocolitis?
• A 2-month-old infant presents with dry cough, very low immunoglobulins, ground-glass lung opacity, and severe hypoxia. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which of the following best describes the main characteristics of nephrotic syndrome?
• A 1 year 7 month old boy who is normal at birth is still babbling with no distinct words. He can walk, scribble, feed himself, and points to objects. What is the most appropriate first action?
• Kidney tubulopathy is a sign of which deficiency?
• Which statement about G6PD deficiency is true?
• In Kawasaki disease, which imaging study is used to assess coronary involvement?
• A child presents with melaena. Which condition is the most likely cause?
• A 2-year-old girl is admitted to hospital because of pneumonia. She was treated by her family doctor with an antibiotic at home but with no effect. She has frequent chest infections. She was born on time with a birth weight 3100 g and length 51 cm. She has been suffering from frequent chest infections. She has a good appetite, but frequent bulky, fatty stools. On examination she looks unwell, has a non-productive cough, tachypnoea at 50/min, emphysematous chest, wheeze, and crepitations bilaterally. Current weight 10.5 kg, height 80 cm (both < 3rd centile). What tests would be most useful in making the diagnosis?
• What is the mode of inheritance of glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency anemia?
• In spastic diplegia cerebral palsy, which limbs are predominantly affected?
• A 4-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis diagnosed at age 2 presents with jaundice, pneumonia, and a liver palpable 3 cm below the costal margin. Paraclinical data show elevated transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, direct hyperbilirubinemia, but normal albumin and prothrombin time. Which extrapulmonary CF complication is most likely?
• In a 2-month-old with Pneumocystis pneumonia in the setting of suspected severe combined immunodeficiency, which condition is most likely?
• Neuroblastoma originates most commonly from?
• A 10-year-old boy with a recent streptococcal sore throat develops migratory arthritis, a systolic murmur, and a rash weeks after treatment. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A 2-year-old boy with gastroenteritis presents with repeated vomiting, watery stools, fever up to 38 C, and not urinating for 4-5 hours. What treatment is necessary?
• At approximately what age should a child be able to feed themselves with a spoon?
• Minimal change disease most commonly occurs in children aged?
• Which dietary pattern is most associated with iron deficiency anemia in a 1-year-old?
• Which gland is typically absent in complete DiGeorge syndrome?
• Which tumor originates from the adrenal medulla and is commonly associated with elevated catecholamines causing hypertension?
• In obstructive lung disease with air trapping, the percussion tone is typically:
• Thalassemia minor is typically inherited in which pattern?
• Which investigation would you order to confirm nerve injury in the described infant with Erb’s palsy?
• In a pediatric patient with a suspected lymphoproliferative disorder presenting with a mass and elevated LDH, which laboratory value supports the diagnosis?
• The most common cause of obesity in children is:
• Which EEG finding is characteristic of benign Rolandic epilepsy?
• The body of the infant has a set of physiological features; which of the following is NOT characteristic?
• Purulent pleural effusion is characteristic of:
• Which is the most severe consequence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?
• Which finding is NOT typically present in hemolytic anemia?
• Two children with organophosphate poisoning present with vomiting, sweating, pinpoint pupils and bradycardia. What is the correct management?
• Essential (primary) hypertension in children is defined by
• A 15-year-old girl has lost 10 kg in two months. She is an excellent student but recently irritable with more frequent and sometimes watery stools. On exam she is warm and sweaty, has tremor, HR 160/min, clear lungs, BP 125/45 mmHg. She blinks rarely and her look is peculiar. What are the most appropriate initial investigations?
• Which chest radiograph finding is most consistent with a congenital heart defect in infancy with suspected pulmonary hypertension?
• A 1-month-old infant with poor feeding, sweating while feeding, fast breathing, pale appearance and absent femoral pulses. What is the likely diagnosis?
• Which statement best describes Type II diabetes mellitus in children?
• Which ocular complication can occur with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
• Which white blood cell pattern is typical in infectious mononucleosis due to EBV infection?
• In the most common type of congenital hypothyroidism, according to its etiology, there is:
• Which EEG pattern is characteristic of West syndrome (infantile spasms)?
• A 14-year-old girl with oligomenorrhea, recent weight gain, fatigue, and a dull facial expression. Which test should be done first to evaluate a suspected thyroid disorder?
• Periventricular leukomalacia is most commonly seen in which group?
• A 10-month-old child with distinctive facial features has a flat occiput and mongoloid eyelids. Which of the following is most characteristic?
• Which of the following is NOT a common cause of recurrent wheeze in children?
• A 3-month-old infant with pneumonia not improving after two weeks, a loud P2 and a pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border suggests which congenital heart defect?
• Which symptom is most indicative of peripheral motor neuron damage?
• Which statement about hemolytic disease of the newborn is true?
• In a dehydrated 4-year-old with ketonuria but no glycosuria, which diagnosis is most likely?
• A 7-year-old with recurrent wheezing; which initial study is most appropriate to evaluate his condition?
• A 1-month-old with persistent mild jaundice, good feeding, normal stool and urine color. What is the most appropriate management?
• Which statement about systemic juvenile arthritis is true?
• Wilson's disease may present with:
• A 3-month-old infant is admitted to the hospital due to slow growth of the head. He was born at 37 weeks gestation, birth weight 2100 g, and head circumference of 30 cm. During the neonatal period he developed jaundice and was treated with phototherapy. At home, the head circumference has increased by 1.5 cm in 3 months and the weight by 2.5 kg. Examination reveals persistent jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and lab tests—thrombocytopenia, anemia, elevated transaminases, mixed hyperbilirubinemia. Abdominal ultrasound shows hepatomegaly with increased echogenicity. Transfontanel ultrasound revealed brain echogenicities, suspicious of calcifications. What additional tests will you suggest to start with?
• An 8-year-old girl with seasonal nasal symptoms and wheeze is evaluated for allergy and asthma. Which test would be most helpful to establish a diagnosis of asthma with atopy?
• There is neonatal screening for which of the following?
• Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma are derived from which type of lymphocytes?
• Which statement is NOT true about congenital pyloric stenosis?
• The key hormone which determines height after 3 years of life is which?
• Hydrops Foetalis manifests with which of the following?
• Which of the following is among the three most common causes of death in children under age 1 year?
• In chronic granulomatous disease there is which defect?
• Kernicterus occurs because unconjugated bilirubin is fat-soluble and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
• Wilson's disease involves copper accumulation predominantly in which organs?
• Coarctation of the aorta is best suggested by which physical finding?
• Laboratory data one hour after admission: Hb 100 g/L, WBC 35.0 x 10^9/L, neutrophils 85%, platelets 110 x 10^9/L, CRP 110 mg/L. Which causative microorganism do you suggest?
• A 5-year-old boy with severe Hemophilia A experiences weekly hemarthroses. What is the best treatment option?
• Which antidote is used in atropine poisoning according to the material?
• In spinal muscular atrophy, which feature is typically preserved?
• A 15-year-old girl previously treated for TB presents with chest pain worsened by lying down and inspiration, relieved by sitting up; muffled heart sounds and cardiomegaly on X-ray with ST elevations on ECG. Most likely diagnosis?
• In SCM with left-right shunt the most common syndrome is:
• A four-year-old child who had been isolated from chickenpox returns home with speech impairment and ataxia, along with flushed face. The exam shows fever, tachycardia, dilated pupils, and dry mucous membranes. Which condition best explains these symptoms?
• A 9-year-old girl with weight at the 97th percentile and height between the 75th and 90th percentile, with no acne, striae, or hirsutism. What is the most adequate course of action?
• Which description best characterizes iron deficiency anemia?
• Which statement about cerebral palsy is NOT true?
• Innocent murmurs are commonly heard at which location?
• A 1 year 7 month old child shows limited vocalization and social interaction with normal hearing. What is the most appropriate initial assessment?
• In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, female infants may present with which genital finding?
• In Hodgkin's lymphoma, the differential white blood cell count most commonly shows which pattern?
• Which skin lesion is typical in immune thrombocytopenia?
• Which combination of features is most characteristic of Turner syndrome as described in the case?
• In a 6-month-old with greasy stools and signs of pancreatic insufficiency, which test would support the diagnosis?
• Which statement about diabetes mellitus in children is true?
• A 2-year-old child living with his mother who has learning difficulties in a remote village. How would you describe his condition?
• A 5-year-old girl with macroscopic hematuria for several days presents with a palpable mass in the right abdomen that does not cross the midline. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Transient hypogammaglobulinemia is characterized by decreased levels of which immunoglobulin?
• A 2-year-old child with fever and diarrhea with blood, who, two days later, becomes pale, has red-brown urine and edema. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Macroscopic hematuria is common in which condition?
• Which organism is most commonly responsible for triggering acute rheumatic fever after a sore throat?
• Wilson disease may present with which combination?
• Which condition predisposes to hypocalcemia and rickets?
• After a difficult vaginal delivery, the infant does not move the right arm, with clavicular crepitus and absent Moro reflex. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Emergency treatment of anaphylactic shock requires emergency application of:
• A 15-year-old boy with vomiting, dull lumbar pain, decreased micturition, cloudy urine, and mild edema has elevated white blood cells and blood pressure. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A full-term newborn develops jaundice within the first 24 hours, with indirect bilirubin, anemia, mild hepatosplenomegaly, and erythroblasts in peripheral blood. Which statement is true?
• The most common cause of acute bronchiolitis is:
• Emergency CT reveals findings consistent with an acute subdural hematoma on the left. Which statement best describes the abnormality?
• For cephalhematoma in neonates, which statement is NOT true?
• Which congenital heart defect has a right-to-left shunt?
• Which statement is true regarding acute renal injury in children?
• In the first decade of life, inverted (negative) T wave in V1-V3 of ECG is:
• Iron deficiency anemia can occur in all cases except:
• In atropine poisoning, which option is the correct antidote according to the material?
• True statement for microspherocytosis?
• An 11-year-old girl with breast development starting at age 9, pubic hair growth, and menarche by 11, with bone age matching chronological age, most likely has which pattern?
• Cyanosis due to respiratory causes is usually associated with which finding?
• Which virus is most commonly associated with viral croup?
• Obstructive bronchitis is characterized by the following physical finding:
• A 1-year-old term infant with head circumference 54 cm; this head circumference is:
• The triad of congenital heart defect, blindness and deafness is typical for which congenital infection?
• A 1-year-old boy is admitted with fever up to 39°C, cough for 4 days, poor general condition, bluish lips, respiratory rate 50/min, epigastric retractions, nasal flaring, absent breath sounds at the base of the right lung. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• West syndrome is characterized by which EEG finding?
• Which sign is NOT found in failure to thrive or kwashiorkor?
• A 15-year-old develops fever and malaise with a hacking cough; exam shows diffuse rhonchi and a high white cell count. Which pathogen is most likely?
• A 4-year-old child presents with a profuse petechial rash and a severely low platelet count but no active bleeding. What is the right initial management?
• Which histologic finding is characteristic of coeliac disease on intestinal biopsy?
• GEFS+ inheritance pattern is which of the following?
• The most common type of leukemia in children is?
• A 6-year-old child with diagnosed asthma develops Pseudomonas in the sputum and bilateral bronchiectasis. Which statement is true?
• Transient hypogammaglobulinemia is due to depletion of trans-placentally transferred immunoglobulins of which class?
• Acute respiratory failure may occur in which of the following pediatric conditions?
• What histopathology is characteristic of celiac disease?
• A 4-month-old with chronic constipation since birth, abdominal distension, and developmental delay. Which test would be most appropriate to establish the diagnosis?
• Which imaging modality is most reliable to confirm suspected ileocecal intussusception in an infant?
• A 2-day-old newborn with respiratory rate 24/min and heart rate 140/min would be described as having which combination?
• What is the major reason preterm infants are at risk for respiratory distress syndrome?
• A 9-year-old girl with high weight percentile and no signs of hyperandrogenism. Which is the most appropriate next step in evaluation?
• In a child with congenital heart disease and fever, which investigation is most useful to guide management?
• In pediatric leukemia, presence of Philadelphia chromosome in blast cells indicates a poor prognosis. Which option corresponds to this factor?
• Celiac disease is characterized by everything EXCEPT:
• The cause of adrenal insufficiency is:
• Which of the following children should be examined for short stature?
• A 3-year-old girl from the first pregnancy and term delivery. She has bulky, foul-smelling stool once to twice daily since turning 1 year old. She is apathetic and a fussy eater. Exam shows reduced subcutaneous fat, wasted buttocks, distended abdomen, no hepatosplenomegaly. Hb 95 g/L, MCV 60 fL, serum iron 1.7 μmol/L, AST 35 IU/L, ALT 40 IU/L, creatinine 60 μmol/L, urea 5.3 mmol/L, urine protein negative, sediment 3–4 leukocytes, tissue transglutaminase antibodies 240 IU/L. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• A thirteen-year-old girl presents with a history of recurrent liquid diarrhea for a few months, 1 to 2 times a day, without blood in stools or fever. There is no significant weight loss and no abdominal pain. Which tests and procedures are appropriate?
• Which statement about neonatal brachial plexus palsy is NOT true?
• A 3-month-old infant with lumbosacral spina bifida aperta was discharged after consultation with a neurosurgeon. Now two days later the infant presents with fever, refusal of food, and difficulty waking. Which finding is most improbable?
• A 13-year-old girl presents with a midface rash, fever, high ESR, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and proteinuria. Which additional laboratory finding is most probable?
• An 8-year-old with vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain after mushroom ingestion: which management statement is appropriate?
• Characteristic hemorrhagic skin lesions in immune thrombocytopenia?
• Which murmur is commonly heard in acute rheumatic fever?
• Which statement is NOT a typical finding in a simple febrile seizure?
• What is the most common cause of acute tonsillitis?
• A 14-year-old girl with oligomenorrhea and fatigue, weight gain, and bradycardia. The family history includes thyroid disease and diabetes. What is the first test you should perform?
• Which statement is TRUE for Haemophilia A?
• A full-term neonate develops indirect hyperbilirubinemia within 24 hours and shows signs of hemolysis. Which statement is true?
• In a 2-day-old neonate with hemoglobin 125 g/L, which interpretation is most appropriate?
• A 7-year-old girl with repaired coarctation of the aorta who has short stature and developmental concerns. Which test is most helpful to identify a chromosomal abnormality?
• Which clinical feature helps distinguish kwashiorkor from marasmus?
• In suspected abusive brain injury, which imaging finding would most strongly support Shaken Baby Syndrome?
• The first sign of puberty in girls is which of the following?
• What is the characteristic differential cell count pattern in Hodgkin's lymphoma?
• Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is treated with
• The three "D" symptoms - dyspnea, dysphagia, dysphonia - are present in:
• An otherwise healthy 6-month-old infant wakes at night with severe intermittent abdominal pain, draws legs to the abdomen, pallor, bilious vomiting, a distended abdomen, and a sausage-shaped abdominal mass. What is the most likely diagnosis and the recommended treatment?
• Which ECG finding is considered normal in healthy infants?
• A 5-month-old with episodes of abrupt flexion/extension seizures occurring in clusters; which test is mandatory to classify these seizures?
• Which autoimmune condition is commonly associated with autoimmune hepatitis?
• The most common cause for weight faltering in children is which of the following?
• Physical findings during asthma exacerbation include which combination?
• A 3-month-old girl with difficulties feeding, head lag, diminished reflexes, weak pharyngeal reflex and CK 800 IU/L. Which is the most probable diagnosis?
• If birth length is about 50 cm, length at 1 year is approximately
• A newborn of a mother with gestational diabetes develops seizures on day 2. The most likely cause is?
• A 4-month-old infant with regurgitation since birth, poor weight gain, and loose stools with blood, plus erythemo-exudative facial rash and scalp crusts. What is the most appropriate management?
• In a symptomatic infant with cough and greasy stools and recurrent infections, which test is the diagnostic test of choice for confirming cystic fibrosis?
• In the management of anaphylaxis in children, which drug is most important?
• In an acute asthma attack in a child, which is the best initial treatment?
• A newborn with an XX karyotype presents with ambiguous genitalia. Which is the possible cause?
• A 7-year-old boy with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, not properly followed, develops dyspnea, orthopnea, tachycardia, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely cause?
• Autoimmune hepatitis may occur in association with:
• In pediatric Non-Hodgkin lymphoma with terminal ileum involvement and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, which laboratory finding is most likely elevated?
• The main fetal factors for intrauterine growth are?
• In which condition are the "sunsetting eyes" sign observed?
• A previously healthy 3-year-old wakes at night with high fever, drooling, inability to swallow, and sits forward. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which age range defines the pre-school period?
• Congenital nephrotic syndrome is most commonly inherited in which pattern?
• The 'sitting cat position' is a clinical feature of which vitamin deficiency?
• In an 8-month-old with a head size smaller than expected, what is the most appropriate statement about physical development?
• The most common cause of obesity in children is overnutrition.
• Which condition is commonly seen in patients with cerebral palsy and other severe brain injuries?
• In young children, the most common cause of arterial hypertension is
• NOT part of the extramedullary blast infiltration syndrome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
• A 4-year-old child with sudden onset coughing and hoarseness develops unilateral decreased breath sounds with concern for airway obstruction. What is the most appropriate next step in management?
• Which disease is characterized by generalized muscular hypotonia, severe muscle weakness, tendon areflexia, preserved non-motor neuropsychological development?
• Microspherocytosis underlying defect is?
• Motor dysfunction in cerebral palsy is due to which type of brain damage?
• Healthy infants double their birth weight around what age?
• Shortened/dull percussion tone is detected in all except:
• What is the most common type of diabetes in children?
• A 3-year-old boy is evaluated for fever with suspected Kawasaki disease. Which finding would exclude Kawasaki disease?
• Delayed passage of meconium in the newborn is most characteristic of which condition?
• A 20-day-old infant with upper limb hypertension and lower limb hypotension most likely has which condition?
• Which statement about neuroblastoma is correct?
• Which newborns are at highest risk for necrotizing enterocolitis?
• In glomerular hematuria, what percentage of red blood cells are typically dysmorphic?
• A 2-year-old with high fever and shock is managed in the ED. What is the most appropriate initial management?
• In a child with bronchiectasis and Pseudomonas in sputum, what should you consider?
• Feeding the child starts from which time point?
• Which statement about clotting tests is correct in Henoch-Schönlein purpura?
• Which statement about breast milk jaundice is true?
• Which condition is classically associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency leading to malabsorption and steatorrhea in children?
• Caput succedaneum in neonates crosses sutures. Which statement is true?
• Folate deficiency anemia in infants is most common in infants fed which type of milk?
• A 5-year-old girl with night bone pains in the legs, malaise, pallor, splenomegaly, and cytopenias is most suspicious for which condition?
• An abdominal tumor in the right hypochondrium with recurrent hypertension is most likely:
• What emergency therapy would you start while waiting for test results?
• Which statement is true about croup (subglottic laryngitis)?
• Caput succedaneum: which statement differentiates it from cephalohematoma?
• An infant 3 months old with generalized edema beginning in the second week of life, severe proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, and hyperlipidemia. The most likely diagnosis is:
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is caused by deficiency of which vitamin?
• Which medication most likely triggered the anaphylactic reaction in the described patient?
• Tet spells are most commonly observed in infants around which age range?
• Mantoux reading parameters: positive reaction defined as induration in the range of 5-17 mm.
• A 2-day-old neonate born to a mother with diabetes presents with generalized tonic seizures. Which medication is first-line to treat the seizures?
• Which of the following signs is NOT found in kwashiorkor?
• A 6-year-old child presents with pain in the left upper quadrant, hypertension, a palpable mass, and hematuria. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Persistence of primitive reflexes after 5 months points to what risk?
• In the three-cup urine test for hematuria, blood in the last cup localizes bleeding to which region?
• Which statement is true about patients with autism spectrum disorder?
• A 4-month-old with tachypnea since discharge, hyperresonant left chest, reduced breath sounds in the left subclavicular area, afebrile. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which symptom is typical for Wilms tumor?
• Chronic granulomatous disease results from a defect in production of which reactive oxygen species by phagocytes after phagocytosis?
• The hemolytic-uremic syndrome includes the triad:
• A 9-year-old girl has gained weight centile over 10 months. She is bright, no acne, striae, or hirsutism. Her weight is on the 97th centile and her height on the 91st centile. What is the most adequate course of action?
• In a child with immune thrombocytopenia and mild mucocutaneous bleeding but no significant bleeding, what is the usual management?
• In an 11-year-old girl with early breast development, early pubic hair, and early menarche, which pattern best describes her puberty?
• Which congenital infection is classically associated with the triad of cardiac defects, cataracts, and deafness?
• Which radiographic pattern is associated with pneumocystis pneumonia?
• Which characteristic excludes the diagnosis of functional abdominal pain (irritable bowel syndrome) in a child?
• Which sign is NOT specific for organophosphate poisoning?
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn results from deficiency of which factors?
• An 18-month-old with reduced subcutaneous fat, abdominal distension, irritability, and elevated anti-tTG and endomysial antibodies. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which murmur is typically heard with a large Ventricular Septal Defect?
• In the most common acquired hypothyroidism in children (Hashimoto's), what is the typical pattern of thyroid hormones and TSH?
• A 5-day-old neonate has obtundation, pallor, low muscle tone, tachypnea, a loud murmur, and no femoral arterial pulses. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• The most common causes of infant mortality worldwide are:
• Which diagnosis is most likely given a recent sore throat and red urine suggesting post-streptococcal kidney involvement?
• A 13-month-old boy, previously healthy, no fever, pale. Examination reveals a palpable liver 3 cm below the right costal margin and uncertainly palpable spleen 0.5 cm below the left costal margin. Lab findings include hemoglobin 64 g/L, MCV 67 fL, reticulocytes 1%, normal WBC, platelets and differential, mild indirect hyperbilirubinemia. Of the following, the MOST valuable tests to confirm the diagnosis are:
• A previously healthy 15-month-old girl is febrile, irritable, and refuses to bear weight on her right leg. On examination she looks unwell. The right leg is held in semiflexion and there are no spontaneous movements. She is severely distressed on passive movement of the right leg. Which of the following are particularly important for her management?
• In a child with chronic diarrhea and suspected cystic fibrosis, which stool test finding is most characteristic?
• Delayed passage of meconium in the newborn is a common feature of which condition?
• In a newborn with congenital hypothyroidism, which symptom is most likely?
• In idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, which statement is true?
• The innocent/accidental/ heart murmurs are characterized by the following features:
• Caput succedaneum in a neonate: which statement is true?
• Which laboratory pattern is most consistent with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
• Which finding in infancy is associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy?
• A 4-year-old boy with normal development and no past medical history of note is admitted to hospital because of mild petechial rash, mainly on the face, neck and torso that occurred the previous day. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. Blood tests on admission show platelets 10 x 10^9/L (normal 150-450 x 10^9/L) with normal hemoglobin, WBC, RBC and LDH. What is the right management?
• At what age do infants typically start reaching and grasping?
• A 2-year-old has episodes of loss of consciousness after arching, with crying, followed by breathing out and seizure. The most likely diagnosis is:
• Splenectomy tends to be considered in which hereditary red blood cell disorder?
• Which newborn group is most at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis?
• If the mother of a 3-month-old infant has hypogalactia, what is the most appropriate food to top up the breast milk feeds?
• Which imaging modality best visualizes calcifications in congenital infections, such as CMV or Toxoplasma, when evaluating a neonate with suspected brain involvement?
• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia may present with:
• Hemarthrosis is most characteristic of which condition?
• What are the most common causes of infant mortality worldwide?
• Which skull bone is most commonly involved in cephalhematoma?
• In a child with fever, bilateral conjunctivitis, mucocutaneous changes, and limb changes suggesting Kawasaki disease, which test is most helpful to support the diagnosis?
• In Shaken Baby Syndrome, which finding is commonly observed on examination?
• Which neonates are at high risk for the late form of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn?
• An anxious mother with a 2-month-old girl is breastfeeding exclusively. Which feeding advice is appropriate?
• What is the typical type of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in premature infants?
• What is typical for Cushing's syndrome/disease in childhood?
• Cerebral palsy is best described as which type of disorder progression?
• In pediatric anaphylaxis, the immediate treatment of choice is which?
• A 10-month-old boy with hypotonia, dysmorphic features, and certain facial characteristics is evaluated. Which investigation is most appropriate?
• A 6-year-old girl with weight loss, nightly enuresis after years of no symptoms, and signs of dehydration. Which single laboratory test is most appropriate first to evaluate suspected diabetes mellitus in a child?
• Congenital lobar emphysema most commonly affects which lobe?
• The most common cause of acute tonsillitis in children is which organism?
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is most often preceded by which illness?
• Which of the following is a high-risk prognostic factor in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
• An adult cardiologist examines the ECG of a 10-month-old infant and finds several peculiarities. Which finding is normal in this age group?
• Which finding is most characteristic of ventricular septal defect on auscultation?
• In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which cardiac condition is most likely a complication?
• Which stool description is typical of cystic fibrosis?
• In a 6-year-old with unilateral cervical lymphadenopathy, which finding most strongly suggests a malignant process?
• Which condition predisposes to recurrent pneumonia in infants?
• The primary source of lipase in pancreatitis is the:
• A 4-year-old boy is admitted with constipation, distended abdomen, decreased appetite, and two weeks of nausea. Abdominal CT shows ileal obstruction by a mass that could be a fecaloma. CBC is normal, ESR 45 mm, LDH 2800 IU/L. Mantoux and IGRA are negative. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• In the last year, a 7-year old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy develops dyspnea, orthopnea, tachycardia, and hepatomegaly. What is the most likely cause?
• Which blood sugar value makes the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus certain and differentiates it from impaired glucose tolerance?
• A 4-month-old infant on formula has greasy, foul-smelling stools with an alkaline pH. Which condition best explains steatorrhea in this infant?
• An 8-month-old infant with poor weight gain but adequate birth metrics presents with wasting and decreased skin turgor. Which statement is true?
• BCG vaccine contains which of the following?
• Which condition presents with episodic arterial hypertension, palpitations, flushing and sweating?
• A pubertal boy at 14 begins testicular enlargement followed by penile and hair changes, voice deepening, and a growth spurt. Bone age matches chronological age. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Absent puberty and short stature is a characteristic feature of Turner syndrome.
• In a child with confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis, what duration of an oral penicillin V or erythromycin course is recommended?
• Which statement is NOT typical of spinal muscular atrophy type 1?
• Anazarka refers to edema in which areas?
• Which mnemonic best describes the features of belladonna poisoning: hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and mad as a hatter. This describes poisoning by which substance?
• Which treatment would you recommend for the nerve injury described in the Erb’s palsy case?
• Pain in the lumbar area, hematuria, and fever are most typical for:
• Hematuria in Henoch-Schonlein purpura is due to:
• In a child with ostium secundum atrial septal defect, closure is typically considered at what age?
• Characteristic physical findings in lobar pneumonia are
• A 10-year-old with episodes of staring spells and brief lapses in activity. Which test is most appropriate to evaluate for absence seizures?
• During the first year of life, the height increases by approximately how many centimeters?
• A male newborn with oligohydramnios, oliguria, abdominal distension and palpable enlarged kidneys with ascites on ultrasound most likely has which condition?
• In spinal muscular atrophy presenting with very early proximal weakness and tongue fasciculations, which feature supports this diagnosis?
• Werlhof's thrombocytopenic purpura presents typically with which finding?
• In an 18-month-old with diffuse petechial rash and gum bleeding 10 days after MMR vaccination, with a very low platelet count, what is the recommended initial management?
• A 3-month-old with pneumonia not improving, a loud P2 and pansystolic murmur at the left sternal border, and hepatomegaly. Which test finding best supports a ventricular septal defect with pulmonary involvement?
• Infectious Mononucleosis typically shows an increase in which cell type?
• Which condition is the most common cause of painless lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children?
• A 2-year-old with high fever and a rapidly spreading petechial rash after a saline bolus is most likely suffering from which diagnosis?
• Which finding supports glomerular hematuria?
• Which of the following conditions does NOT typically cause liver cirrhosis in children?
• A one-month-old infant with lumbosacral spina bifida aperta detected at birth has two days of fever, refusal of food and difficult awakening. Which finding is most improbable?
• Which carries the most unfavorable prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus?
• An adolescent with acetaminophen overdose presents with jaundice and deranged liver tests. What is the appropriate antidote?
• A neonate born at 28 weeks' gestation has a high risk of which condition due to surfactant deficiency?
• Which test best confirms hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
• A 3-day-old infant presents with bilious vomiting since birth. An upright abdominal X-ray shows two water-air levels: a 'double bubble' sign. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Which of the following does NOT cause neonatal hepatitis?
• Which laboratory finding is typically associated with nephrotic syndrome?
• A 14-year-old girl develops fever and sore throat and, after Ampicillin is given, develops a maculopapular rash. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• Splenectomy is commonly considered in which hereditary red blood cell disorder in children?
• A 10-month-old infant with frequent vomiting, poor weight gain, and urinary findings including protein and blood in the urine. Which initial investigation is most appropriate to pursue?
• Which syndrome includes vomiting?
• In suspected hyperthyroidism in an adolescent, which laboratory finding confirms the diagnosis?
• Which трiad is most characteristic of hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
• In Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn, which form of bilirubin is typically elevated?
• What auscultatory finding is characteristic of atrial septal defect?
• In organophosphate poisoning, which sign is most characteristic?
• Perinatal mortality is defined as which of the following?
• Which organism is the most common causative agent for urinary tract infection?
• Which statement best describes reflexes in spinal muscular atrophy type 1?
• Which erythrocyte morphology is expected in folic acid deficiency?
• Elevated D-dimers in the absence of internal bleeding are seen in which condition?
• An 8-year-old child with hay fever experiences shortness of breath and wheeze during play, with prolonged expiration. What is the most probable cause?
• Which are the main prophylactic/preventer medications in asthma in children?
• Which deviation is characteristic of Bruton's congenital agammaglobulinemia?
• In cystic fibrosis, which test result would most strongly support the diagnosis?
• A 1-year-old child presents with an adrenal mass and hypertension. Which tumor marker is most characteristic for the suspected malignancy?
• Beck’s triad for cardiac tamponade includes all of the following EXCEPT which?
• A 2-year-old child with gastroenteritis presents with lethargy and reduced urine output; hypotension. Which IV rehydration plan is appropriate?
• The dramatic decline in child mortality in the developed world is due to all of the following EXCEPT?
• A newborn who had intraventricular hemorrhage is at risk of which complication?
• The first sign of puberty in boys is
• Which finding proves DiGeorge syndrome in a 4-month-old?
• The Guthrie neonatal screening panel includes testing for which of the following conditions?
• Which condition is most consistent with neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia, anemia, mild hepatosplenomegaly, and presence of erythroblasts in peripheral blood?
• If a breastfed infant is weaned after six months of age, which condition is at increased risk?
• A 6-month-old infant has prolonged jaundice and pallor with hepatosplenomegaly. Microcytic anemia and elevated bilirubin suggest which diagnosis?
• What is the appropriate treatment for this condition?
• The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in childhood is?
• D-dimer elevation is most strongly associated with which condition?
• What is the typical duration of antibiotic therapy for infective endocarditis in children?
• Cyanosis due to respiratory causes: which statement is true?
• Which organs are commonly affected by Wilson disease?
• In pneumothorax there is:
• In which age period is the fastest growth calculated in cm/year?
• Which CT imaging feature is most characteristic of neuroblastoma arising in the adrenal region?
• The most common cause of acute bronchiolitis is which virus?
• In infancy, with severe microcytic anemia and hepatosplenomegaly, which diagnosis is most likely?
• At what time is the Mantoux Test reported?
• BCG vaccine contains which of the following?
• In congenital nephrotic syndrome, which laboratory finding is most characteristic?
• A previously healthy 1-year-old with moderate respiratory distress and wheeze. Which is the most appropriate immediate management?
• Breath-holding attacks in toddlers are typically precipitated by:
• Which statement about type 2 diabetes in children is true?
• Neuroblastoma most commonly originates from which organ?
• Which endocrine gland is not part of the normal hormonal regulation of puberty?
• A previously healthy 7-year-old boy with normal intellectual development. Two hours after falling asleep he sits up in bed, unable to talk, with facial asymmetry and tremor of the right oral angle for 3 min, followed by drooling. After that he goes back to sleep. In the morning he remembers what happened, says he could hear people talking during the episode but could not answer back and had a choking feeling. He has normal somatic and neurological examination. EEG shows centro-temporal spikes on the left. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome is most commonly preceded by a diarrheal illness caused by which organism?
• Expiratory Dyspnea is a sign in:
• Which congenital heart defect, if unrecognized, can cause cardiogenic shock in the early neonatal period?
• In a 6-month-old with foul-smelling stools and respiratory infections, which test is most appropriate to confirm suspected cystic fibrosis?
• Which medication is NOT used for treating neonatal seizures?
• Iron deficiency anemia is characterized by:
• A child can walk, scribble, and feed themselves with a spoon by around which age?
• Which condition is suggested by a fixed bifurcated second heart sound and a midsystolic ejection murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border?
• A 5-year-old with night bone pains, pallor, splenomegaly, and pancytopenia most likely has which condition?
• In which disease breathing 100% oxygen does not raise the oxygen concentration in blood?
• A 10-year-old girl with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, terminal ileum involvement, mild normocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated LDH, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in childhood is:
• Which condition is NOT typically associated with bilious vomiting?
• In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which statement best describes genital findings?
• Which of the following is true for physiological jaundice of the newborn?
• What is the first-line therapy in asthma exacerbation?
• Which of the following statements reflects the standard management to reduce coronary complications in Kawasaki disease?
• Tetralogy of Fallot is classically associated with which direction of shunt?
• Which statement about celiac disease is NOT consistent with the description provided?
• A radiologist suggests bilateral old and new injuries. What is the most probable diagnosis?
• In right-to-left shunt congenital heart disease, which finding is most characteristic?
• In persistent ductus arteriosus there is:
• A 13-year-old girl admitted for midface rash, fever, ESR 120 mm/h, leukocytes 2.8x10^9/L, platelets 110x10^9/L and proteinuria 1 g/L. Which of the following additional results are most probable?
• A 10-year-old boy started Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole for acute sinusitis. On the second day he develops abdominal pain, pallor and jaundice, fatigue, and dark urine. He is pale and jaundiced; spleen is 0.5 cm below the costal margin. Hgb 70 g/L, RBC 3.2×10^12/L, WBC 8.8×10^9/L, platelets 348×10^9/L, AST 50 U, ALT 40 U, bilirubin 87 μmol/L (direct 10 μmol/L), LDH 2000 U. Coombs test negative. Family history includes an uncle with episodes of acute anemia from early childhood. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which test is most useful in establishing the diagnosis for the suspected condition?
• Kallmann's syndrome is associated with which of the following?
• Kernicter can develop in which condition?
• Which statement is true about autism? They point to different objects frequently
• Which physical finding is classically observed in congenital pyloric stenosis?
• Expiratory dyspnea is observed in:
• Which axis activation leads to puberty onset?
• A 1-year-old boy with chronic constipation, abdominal distension, poor sucking, failure to thrive, bradycardia, sparse hair and eyebrows, hoarse cry, and macroglossia. Which laboratory test should be ordered first?
• The main characteristics of Nephrotic Syndrome are:
• A 13-year-old girl with midface rash, fever up to 37.8 C, ESR 120 mm/h, WBC 2.8x10^9/L, platelets 110x10^9/L and proteinuria 1 g/L. Which of the following additional results is most probable?
• Which of the following symptoms is present in respiratory failure?
• A newborn delivered by cesarean at term to a mother with gestational diabetes develops focal clonic seizures on day two. Laboratory values show total calcium 1.96 mmol/L (normal 2.0–2.25) and ionized calcium 0.70 mmol/L. What is the most likely cause of the seizures?
• Which procedures are necessary to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment?
• Bilirubin can be found in the urine of newborns in all EXCEPT:
• The FBC of a 1-year-old child fed mainly cow's milk shows anemia with MCV 66 fL. The most likely diagnosis is:
• Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for vaccination?
• An asymptomatic 15-year-old athlete is found to have frequent supraventricular extrasystoles on an ECG during a routine check. What is the right management?
• Which finding would most strongly support a diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome?
• Which is NOT a cause of constipation in the neonatal period?
• At what age would you expect a child to smile in response to his mother's smile?
• An 8-month-old infant sits with support and can roll over but does not crawl or stand, and has not started to pronounce syllables or words. Which statement is most consistent with this assessment?
• In case of a foreign body in the larynx, which symptom is most characteristic?
• Which pediatric tumor is commonly associated with hypertension?
• A 14-month-old child, born at 36 gestational weeks due to mild asphyxia, with birth weight 2400 g, length 48 cm, head circumference 33 cm. Milestones: smiling, cooing, following objects on time. He was turning from back to front at 6 months and sitting at 9 months. He stands and cruises at 1 year, but is not walking independently; walks on tiptoes when held by two hands with some crossing over of both legs (scissoring). On exam: increased muscle tone of thigh adductors; difficult dorsiflexion; tendon hyperreflexia; Babinski sign positive bilaterally. Rest normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which antibiotic is suitable for urinary tract infection?
• In congenital hypothyroidism, the most common etiological type is:
• What is the normal urine output of an infant?
• In a child with migratory polyarthritis after a streptococcal infection and a new heart murmur with a prolonged PR interval, which investigation would you request?
• A 6-year-old girl presents with red urine; no dysuria; blood pressure 130/85 mmHg; urinalysis shows blood 4+, protein 2+, leukocytes negative, nitrites negative. What investigations should be performed?
• Mortality is highest in which age group?
• Caput succedaneum management is typically:
• Direct hyperbilirubinemia may be present in all of the following conditions EXCEPT:
• In a neonate of a diabetic mother who develops seizures on day 2, which disorder is most likely the cause?
• What is the normal total calcium value in a neonate?
• What is the most common symptom in children with SCM with a right-left shunt?
• Which finding is true about Down syndrome?
• A 7-year-old girl with past neonatal coarctation of the aorta and short stature is being evaluated. Which test would be most helpful to understand the underlying cause?
• Which symptom is most characteristic of Kawasaki disease and often prompts evaluation for this condition?
• Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn is due to:
• Which disease is characterized by severe fat and protein malabsorption leading to bulky, foul-smelling stools?
• A 5-month-old infant with rapid weight gain (8 kg at 5 months) and height below the 3rd percentile, hypertension, hypertrichosis, and facial telangiectasia on the cheeks, with a history of persistent corticosteroid use for obstructive bronchitis. What is the most likely cause of obesity and short stature?
• At around what age does an infant begin to pronounce first meaningful words other than 'mama' and 'dada'?
• Which disease is characterized by severely impaired digestion of the fats and proteins causing bulky fatty and very foul-smelling feces?
• Which disorder does NOT present with coagulopathy?
• Chronic pneumonia and chronic diarrhoea are found in which condition?
• In a 4-year-old with vomiting and watery stools for 2 days, which urgent tests should be requested?
• During a routine prophylactic check, a 12-year-old girl has Hgb 105 g/L, MCV 65 fL, normal WBC and platelets. Her father previously had similar labs. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• For evaluating suspected hydrocephalus in a newborn, which diagnostic test is appropriate?
• A 14-year-old girl with fever, sore throat and malaise is treated with Ampicillin; the next day she develops a maculopapular rash. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Jaundice in the newborn is characterized by which of the following?
• In pyelonephritis, what pattern on urine testing is typical?
• A 4-year-old with cystic fibrosis and new jaundice with direct hyperbilirubinemia, raised transaminases, GGT and ALP but normal albumin and prothrombin time most likely has which hepatic complication?
• Meckel's diverticulum is most commonly located approximately how far from the ileocecal valve?
• Which statement about acute kidney injury in childhood is incorrect?
• The sunsetting eyes sign is observed in hydrocephalus.
• A 6-month-old infant presents with fever and poor feeding. Which next test would best clarify the diagnosis given neutrophilia and raised ESR?
• Which of the following is a nephrotic syndrome hallmark?
• A 3-month-old infant with persistent diarrhea, weight loss, large foul-smelling stools, edema, and mild anemia. Which condition is most likely?
• Which motor milestone is typically not achieved by 8 months of age?
• In latent iron deficiency, which lab pattern best describes?
• The earliest clinical sign of hypothyroidism in infancy is which of the following?
• Which sign appears earliest in nutritional rickets?
• Which serologic findings support the diagnosis of coeliac disease?
• What is the recommended first-line treatment for Kawasaki's disease?
• A child with a history suggesting atopy and recurrent allergic symptoms is being evaluated for allergy. Which test is most informative about atopy?
• A 3-year-old with peanut allergy presents with an itchy rash and respiratory symptoms. Which test would best help confirm sensitization to peanuts?
• Which of the following is NOT true for coarctation of the aorta in infants:
• A febrile seizure may occur in children within which age range?
• The onset of puberty is determined by activation of the axis:
• Which laboratory pattern is expected in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
• Acute epiglottitis typically presents with all of the following EXCEPT: